NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every living cell, essential for over 500 enzymatic reactions including cellular energy production (ATP synthesis), DNA repair (PARP enzymes), gene expression regulation (sirtuins), and calcium signaling (CD38).
NAD+ levels decline approximately 50% between ages 40 and 60, and this decline is now considered a hallmark of aging. Reduced NAD+ impairs mitochondrial function, DNA repair capacity, and sirtuin activity — all critical drivers of age-related disease and functional decline.
NAD+ can be supplemented directly via IV or subcutaneous injection, or indirectly through precursors like NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside). Direct NAD+ administration bypasses the biosynthetic pathway, providing immediate cellular availability but requiring injection due to poor oral bioavailability of NAD+ itself.
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